Скачать книгу - O "czerwona" Rosje, "czerwona" Europe i "czerwony" swiat. Studia o potencjale militarnych Sowietow w latach 1918-1941. For "red" Russia, "red" Europe and "red" World. A study on the Soviet military po

Учебное пособие предназначается изучающим английский язык и входит в систему предметов, обучающих теории и практике перевода. Материал пособия направлен на освоение и развитие практических навыков перевода с английского языка на русский и наоборот.Основным принципом построения пособия, отбора и расположения учебного материала является создание систематического представления о способах, средствах и приемах преобразования языковых единиц в процессе двустороннего перевода. Пособие может бытьиспользовано в рамках учебного процесса на факультетах иностранных языков, для обучения переводчиков, а также для самостоятельных занятий студентов, аспирантов, преподавателей английского языка и начинающих переводчиков.

Обзор этой книги огромный.Книга покрывает период значительно больший чем тысяча лет, от стихотворений Гомера до конца языческой религии и падения Римской Империи на Западе. В географическом расширении, повествование начинается с Греции, с небольших общин, возникших в темные времена завоевания и уничтожения, и деревнями бронзового периода на холмах Рима, и заканчивается Империей, которая объединяла не только Средиземноморский мир , а северные земли до Алжира, от Португалии до Сирии, от Рейна до Нила.

В июне 1941 года Приграничное сражение Западного фронта закончилось страшной катастрофой, которая едва не привела к проигрышу всей войны. В Белостокском котле погибли три наших армии, безвозвратные потери превысили 300 тысяч человек, сотни самолетов, тысячи единиц бронетехники. Однако подлинные масштабы этой трагедии так и не были осмыслены по-настоящему - советские военные историки, как правило, ограничивались лишь кратким обзором событий, по возможности избегая конкретных цифр, оценок и выводов. Серьезные исследования гибели Западного фронта можно пересчитать по пальцам одной руки. Да и в этих редких работах авторы предпочитали писать о действиях полков и дивизий, а не о трагических судьбах отдельных бойцов и командиров, ставших жертвой внезапного вражеского удара и беспомощности собственного командования. В этой книге трагедия Белостокского котла впервые показана со всех сторон - от окопной правды простых солдат до сухих директив Генштаба. Впервые публикуются уникальные воспоминания участников событий и рассекреченные архивные документы. Эта книга - памятник всем, кто погиб в лесах Белоруссии в первые дни Великой Отечественной войны.

Новенькая книжка водящего военного историка!Переосмысление катастрофы 1941 года. Переоценка Приграничного схватки Красноватой Армии. Вся правда о большой Битве за Белоруссию. Когда заходит речь о июньской катастрофе Западного фронта, на разум сходу прибывают горящие аэродромы, брошенные на обочинах новые Т-34 и KB, печальные толпы пленных - историки до сих пор представляют Приграничное схватка как избиение громадной, плохо организованной массы красноармейцев немногочисленными, но мобильными и прекрасно управляемыми германскими войсками. Подходят ли эти представления реальности?Имела ли Красноватая Армия в июне 41-го численное преимущество на границе?"Спали" ли приграничные аэродромы?Был ли погром Западного фронта неминуемой закономерностью - либо следствием возмутительных ошибок командования?И как из беспорядка, появившегося опосля окружения под Минском, всего за несколько недель вырос устойчивый фронт, заставивший гитлеровцев отложить пришествие на Москву? Проанализировав колоссальный размер не лишь русских, но и германских оперативных документов, до этого недоступных исследователям, Алексей Исаев прибывает к сенсационным выводам, давая исчерпывающий ответ на самые трудные и болезненные вопросцы отечественной истории.

Content

Your BMW 3 series car

• Introduction
• Safety first!
• Troubleshooting an emergency
• Starting the engine from an additional power source
• Wheel replacement
• Towing
• Leak detection
• Weekly checks
• Checks under the hood of the car
• Engine oil level
• Coolant level
• Level of a brake liquid and a working liquid of coupling
• Power steering fluid
• Electrical systems
• Tire condition and air pressure
• Battery
• Working fluids and lubricants

Instruction manual

• Overview of the dashboard, warning lights and devices
• Controls
• Cruise control system
• Air conditioning system with manual control and automatic operation
• Storage bays and other interior components

Regular maintenance and maintenance - gasoline engines

• Introduction
• Regular maintenance
• TO-2
• Resetting maintenance interval (CBS) display mode
• Maintenance of front brakes
• Maintenance of rear brakes
• Car inspection
• Replacement of air filter
• Replacement of spark plugs
• Brake fluid replacement
• Checking and replacing the auxiliary drive belt
• Replacing the fuel filter
• Replacing coolant

Regular maintenance and maintenance - diesel engines

• Introduction
• Regular maintenance
• TO-2
• Resetting maintenance interval (CBS) display mode
• Maintenance of front brakes
• Maintenance of rear brakes
• Car Inspection
• Replacement of the air filter (keys 2/5)
• Replacing the main fuel filter
• Replacing the particulate filter
• Brake fluid replacement
• Checking and replacing the auxiliary drive belt
• Changing the coolant

Procedures for repairing a four-cylinder petrol engine without removing it from the engine compartment

• General information
• Compression check - description and explanation
• Determination of the top dead center for the cylinder 1 piston
• Cylinder head cover - removal and installation
• Torsion damper / pulley and crankshaft pulley hub - removal and installation
• Chains of drive timing - removal, inspection and installation
• Asterisks and timing chain tensioner - removal and installation
• Phase Shifter - description and replacement of components
• Camshafts and pushers
• Cylinder head - removal and installation
• Crankcase - removal and installation
• Front frame reinforcement - removal and installation
• Front subframe - lowering, removal and installation
• Balancing shafts - general information
• Oil pump - removal, inspection and installation
• Oil seals - replacement
• Handwheel / drive clutch plate - Removing and installing
• Centering Crankshaft Bearing - Replacement
• Engine / gearbox mountings - check and replace
• Engine oil level and pressure sensors

Procedures for repairing a six-cylinder petrol engine without removing it from the engine compartment

• General information
• Compression check - description and explanation
• Determination of the top dead center for the cylinder 1 piston
• Cylinder head cover - removal and installation
• Torsional vibration damper - removal and installation
• Chain of drive timing - removal, inspection and installation
• Components of the valve timing system (Vanos) - removal, inspection and installation
• Camshafts and pushers
• Components of the Valvetronic system - removal and installation
• Cylinder head - removal and installation
• Crankcase - removal and installation
• Oil pump - removal, inspection and installation
• Oil seals - replacement
• Handwheel / drive clutch plate - removing and installing
• Engine / gearbox mountings - flywheel guide bearing - check, remove and install
• Engine oil level and pressure sensors

Repair procedures for the diesel engine (M47T2 and M57T2) without removing it from the engine compartment

• General information
• Compression check - description and explanation
• Engine assembly / valve timing - general information and usage
• Cylinder head cover - removal and installation
• Crankshaft pulley / torsional vibration damper - Removing and installing
• Camshafts, rocker arms and hydraulic lifters - removal, inspection and installation
• Cylinder head - removal and installation
• Crankcase - removal and installation
• Oil pump - removal, inspection and installation
• Balancing shaft assembly - removal and installation
• Oil cooler - removal and installation
• Crankshaft oil seals - replacement
• Handwheel / drive clutch plate - Removing and installing
• Engine supports - checking and replacing
• Flywheel guide bearing - check, remove and install
• Chains for timing and cover - removal and installation
• Engine oil level and pressure sensors

Repair procedures for the diesel engine (N47 and N57) without removing it from the engine compartment

• General information
• Compression check - description and explanation
• Engine assembly / valve timing - general information and usage
• Cylinder head cover - removal and installation
• Crankshaft pulley / torsional vibration damper - removing and installing
• Camshafts, rocker arms and hydraulic lifters - removal, inspection and installation
• Cylinder head - removal and installation
• Crankcase - removal and installation
• Oil pump / vacuum pump - removal, inspection and installation
• Balancer shaft assembly - general information
• Oil cooler - removal and installation
• Crankshaft oil seals - replacement
• Handwheel / drive clutch plate - Removing and installing
• Engine supports - checking and replacing
• Flywheel guide bearing - check, remove and install
• Chains of drive timing and cover - general information
• Engine oil level and pressure sensors

Removing the engine from the engine compartment and the overhaul procedure

• General information
• Major engine repairs - general information
• Engine removal - methods and precautions
• Engine - removal and installation
• Engine overhauling - sequence of disassembly
• Cylinder head - disassembly
• Cylinder head and valves - cleaning and checking
• Cylinder head - assembly
• Piston / connecting rod assembly - removal
• Timing drive chain (diesel engines N47 and N57) - removal and installation
• Crankshaft removal
• Cylinder block / crankcase - cleaning and inspection
• Piston / connecting rod assembly - check
• Crankshaft check
• The crankshaft bearing and thrust bearing - check
• Overhauling - assembly sequence
• Piston rings - installation
• Crankshaft - installation
• Pistons / connecting rods in assembly - installation
• Engine - operation after major repairs

Cooling system, heater and ventilation system

• General information and precautions
• Cooling hoses - detach and replace
• Radiator - removal, inspection and installation
• Thermostat - removal and installation
• Cooling fan and viscous coupling - removal and installation
• Electric cooling fan and casing - Removing and installing
• Electrical sensors for the cooling system - checking, removing and installing
• Water pump - removal and installation
• Heater and ventilation system - general information
• Components of the heater / ventilation system - removal and installation
• Air conditioning system - general information and precautions
• Components of the air conditioning system - removal and installation
• Heating element for auxiliary heater - removal and installation
• Shutters and servomotor for adjusting the intensity of the radiator airflow - removal and installation

The power supply and exhaust system - gasoline engines

• General information and precautions
• Air filter assembly - removing and installing
• Fuel tank - removal and installation
• Accelerator pedal - removal and installation
• Fuel injection system - general information
• Fuel injection system - pressure relief and refueling
• Fuel pump / fuel level sensors - Removing and installing
• Fuel injection system - check and adjustment
• Throttle body - removing and installing
• Components of the distributed fuel injection system - removal and installation
• Collectors - removal and installation

Exhaust system - removal and installation

• Power and exhaust system - diesel engines General information and precautions
• Air filter assembly - removing and installing
• Fuel tank - removal and installation
• Accelerator pedal - removal and installation
• Fuel injection system - general information
• Fuel injection system - pressure relief and refueling
• Fuel pump / fuel level sensors and control unit - removal and installation
• Fuel injection system - check and adjustment
• High-pressure fuel pump (fuel pump) - Removing and installing
• Fuel injectors - removal and installation
• Components of the electronic engine management (EDC) - removal and installation
• Turbocharger - description and precautions
• Turbocharger - removal and installation
• Turbocharger - check and overhaul
• Intercooler - removing and installing
• Collectors - removal and installation
• Exhaust system - general information and replacement

Control systems for harmful emissions

• General Information
• Emission control systems (gasoline engines) - checking and replacing components
• Emission control systems (diesel engines) - checking and replacing components
• Catalytic converter - general information and precautions

Starting and recharging systems

• General information and precautions
• Detection of malfunctions in the electrical system - general information
• Battery - check and charge
• Storage battery - detachment, removal and installation
• Charge system - check
• Generator drive belt - removal, installation and tension
• Generator - removal and installation
• Generator - check and overhaul
• Startup system - check
• Starter - removal and installation
• Starter - check and overhaul
• Preheating system for diesel engines - description and verification
• Glow plugs - removal, inspection and installation
• Control unit / relay for pre- and post-heating systems - removal and installation

Ignition system

• General information and precautions
• Ignition system - check
• High-voltage ignition coils - removal and installation
• Detonation sensor - removal and installation

Clutch

• General information
• Clutch assembly - removal, inspection and installation
• Clutch release bearing and lever - removal, inspection and installation
• The working cylinder - removal, check and installation
• Master cylinder - removal, inspection and installation
• Hydraulic clutch circuit - pumping
• Clutch pedal - removal and installation

Manual transmission

• General information
• Checking the transmission oil level
• Replacing gearbox oil
• Components of the gearshift mechanism - removal and installation
• Oil seals - replacement
• Switch for reversing lights - check, remove and install
• Manual gearbox - Removing and installing
• Major overhaul of a manual transmission - general information

Automatic transmission

• General information
• Selector lever - removal and installation
• Cable of the selector lever - removal, installation and adjustment
• Oil seals - replacement
• Automatic gearbox - removal and installation
• Overhaul of an automatic transmission - general information
• Electronic components / sensors - removal and installation
• Checking the automatic transmission fluid level
• Automatic transmission replacement

Main drive, drive shafts and driveshaft

• General information
• The main gear assembly is removal and installation
• Seals of the final drive assembly - replacement
• Drive shafts - removal and installation
• Anthers of drive shafts - replacement
• Drive shaft - removal and installation
• Rubber coupling propshaft - check and replace
• PTO shaft bearing - checking and replacing
• Universal joints of the propshaft - check and replace
• Checking the final drive oil level

Brake system

• General information
• Hydraulic system - air removal
• Hydraulic connections and hoses - replacement
• Front brake pads are replacement
• Rear brake pads - replacement
• Front brake disc - check, remove and install
• Rear brake disc - check, remove and install
• Front brake caliper - removal, overhaul and installation
• Rear brake caliper - removal, overhaul and installation
• Master brake cylinder - removal, overhaul and installation
• Brake pedal - removal and installation
• Vacuum brake booster - checking
• The check valve of the vacuum amplifier of brakes - removal, check and installation
• Parking brake - adjustment
• Parking brake lever - removal and installation
• Parking brake cables - removal and installation
• Parking brake shoes - removal and installation
• Stop light switch - removal and installation
• Anti-lock braking system (ABS) - general information
• Anti-lock components - removal and installation
• Vacuum pump - removal and installation

Suspension and steering

• General Information
• Front hub assembly - removal and installation
• Front tail-vise of swivel pin - removal and installation
• Front pillar - removal, overhaul and installation
• Front levers / rack - removal, overhaul and installation
• Ball joint for front lever - replacement
• Front anti-roll bar - removal and installation
• Connecting rod of the stabilizer of cross-section stability - removal and installation
• Rear hub assembly - replacement
• Rear hub bearing replacement
• Rear shock absorber - removal, overhaul and installation
• Rear helical spring - removal and installation
• Shaft of rear swivel pin - removal, overhaul and installation
• Rear levers / racks - removal, overhaul and installation
• Rear anti-roll bar - removal and installation
• Steering wheel - removal and installation
• Steering column - removal, inspection and installation
• The mechanism for locking the steering column - general information
• Intermediate shaft of the steering column - removal and installation
• Rack-and-pinion steering gear assembly - removal, overhaul and installation
• Power steering pump - removal and installation
• Hydraulic power steering circuit - pumping
• Active Steering control unit - removal and installation
• Rubber anthers of the steering rack - replacement
• Tips of transverse steering rods / ball joints - removal and installation
• The cross-section steering draft - replacement
• Dynamic stability control (dsc) - general information and component replacement)
• Wheel alignment angles - general information

Body structure and components

• General information
• Maintenance - body and frame
• Maintenance - upholstery and rugs
• Elimination of minor body damage - repairs
• Removing serious body damage - general information
• Front bumper - removal and installation
• Rear bumper - removal and installation
• Hood - removal, installation and adjustment
• Hood opening cable - removal and installation
• Hood lock - removal and installation
• Doors - removal, installation and adjustment
• Internal door trim panels - removal and installation
• Handle and door lock components - removal and installation
• Glass lifters and regulator - removal and installation
• Lid / tailgate and support pillars - Removing and installing
• Components of the lid / tailgate lock - removal and installation
• Components of the central lock - removal and installation
• Components of electric glass lifts - removal and installation
• Mirrors and related components - removal and installation
• Windshield and rear window - general information
• Hatch - general information, servo replacement and initialization
• Exterior elements of the body - removal and installation
• Seats - removal and installation
• System of pretensioners of seat belts - general information
• Safety belt components - removal and installation
• Internal cladding panels - removal and installation
• Central console - removal and installation
• Fixing panel assembly - removal and installation

Electrical equipment and electrical systems

• General Information
• Detection of malfunctions in the electrical system - general information
• Fuses and relays - general information
• Switches - removal and installation
• Lamps (external lighting) - replacement
• Lamps (interior lighting) - replacement
• External headlamps - removal and installation
• Adjusting the height of the headlights - general information
• Dashboard - removal and installation
• Components of the instrument panel - removal and installation
• Rain sensor - removal and installation
• Suspension height sensor - removing and installing
• Tire pressure monitoring system indicator - general information
• Acoustic signal - removal and installation
• Wiper arm - removal and installation
• Draft and wiper drive - removal and installation
• Components of the windshield washer system / headlights - removal and installation
• Audio system unit - removal and installation
• Speakers - removal and installation
• Radio antenna - general information
• Cruise control system - general information and component replacement
• Anti-theft system - general information
• Components of the heated front seats - removal and installation
• Airbag System - General Information and Precautions
• Components of the airbag system - removal and installation
• Parking assist system (PDC) - general information and component replacement
• Electrical diagrams - general information

Applications

• Dimensions and weight
• Vehicle identification numbers
• General repair procedures
• Lifting the car with a jack, the points of the pillars
• Tools and devices
• Checking the technical condition of the car
• Troubleshooting